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A fatal road accident raises two urgent questions: what offence may apply, and what must the driver do after the collision? The answer is not simply “hit-and-run means ten years.” Section 106(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) is operative. Section 106(2), which contains the specific ten-year punishment for certain fatal driving cases followed by escape without reporting, was excluded from the BNS commencement notification. The latest verified judicial position is the Delhi High Court’s order of 15 July 2026, which records that Section 106(2) had not been notified. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 separately imposes post-accident duties.   At A Glance Issue Current position Section 106(1) BNS Operative; up to 5 years and a fine Section 106(2) BNS Enacted but not commenced, as per the latest verified position Section 106(2) punishment Up to 10 years and a fine Motor Veh...

Signing a shareholders' agreement tends to be easy for the founders and investors of the business. However, the real challenge lies in those instances where the founder wishes to exit the firm, there is a need for raising capital for the business, a shareholder wishes to sell out his shares, voting rights conflict arises, or when the two shareholders disagree on the firm's decision. Ownership is not the same as control, and a list of agreed percentages does not by itself explain how the company will operate when interests diverge. A properly structured shareholders' agreement should therefore establish more than who owns what. It should set out how decisions are made, how ownership can change, what protections apply to minority shareholders, how deadlock is handled and what happens when a shareholder exits. Start With Ownership, Then Map Control The first step is to establish the company's actual ownership position. This includes the number and class of shares h...

The mere charge of distributing copyrighted software through an online medium can quickly transform a licensing issue into a serious legal dispute. The distribution may involve uploading the installer, sending a copy of the software to another individual, storing the software on a server, and making the downloading process available without the permission of the copyright owner.   However, the presence of copyrighted software in an individual's computer or account does not necessarily make that individual criminally liable under Indian law. This will depend on the nature of the acts committed, the nature of the copyright owned, the type of license or permission granted, and other relevant circumstances, such as the information available and the connection of the individual to the said acts.   Consequently, the initial step in finding software copyright infringement legal defences in India does not simply consist of the existence of copyrighted software. The allegation...

A certified copy of FIR is not simply any piece of paper; it is an important official record that could prove to be very useful when you are looking for bail, filing claims for insurance, attending court hearings, verifying employment records or safeguarding your legal rights when investigated criminally. However, many of us do not know how to get this important official record from the government office concerned. Whether we go to the police station, make an application through the internet or ask help from the court depends upon the stage at which the case has reached, state in which FIR has been filed and if the offense comes under those categories that are prohibited from public access. Who Can Request a Certified Copy? The law usually acknowledges the right of the following individuals to have a copy of: ●        The informer/complainant. ●        Victim of the crime. ●        Accu...